2023年-2024年ACCA考綱變動高達12%!面對考綱的變化,各位小伙伴也不要太慌啦,下面來看看ACCA考試大綱變化。
考試大綱變化一覽
ACCA SBL科目迎來變革
2023年9月ACCA考試戰(zhàn)略商業(yè)領(lǐng)袖(SBL)科目將迎來重大變革!
變化1
提前發(fā)布Pre-seen information
這是本次改革最大的亮點,大家可以把Pre-seen information簡單理解為考前預讀材料。
考試開始前兩周,考生可以通過登錄ACCA官網(wǎng)獲取Pre-seen information。
Pre-seen information的內(nèi)容
根據(jù)ACCA目前公布的樣卷來看,Pre-seen information內(nèi)容約為10頁,包含所考核企業(yè)的信息,例如成立時間、所屬行業(yè)、業(yè)務(wù)模式……也包含一些行業(yè)的基本介紹。
如何有效利用Pre-seen information
收到Pre-seen information后,大家一定要仔細閱讀,并對上面的內(nèi)容做到非常熟悉,這樣可以大大節(jié)省正式考試時檢索資料所需的時間。
大家還可以提前搜索了解下一些行業(yè)的情況,例如某個行業(yè)企業(yè)核心競爭力是什么?一些專業(yè)詞匯是什么意思。
但是大家也要切記過猶不及,不要過度檢索信息,避免在考試時使用不相關(guān)內(nèi)容。
可以帶Pre-seen information上考場嗎?
不可以!ACCA考試系統(tǒng)中會提供Pre-seen information。
變化2
考試展示材料的數(shù)量將減少
考試將繼續(xù)包含展示新信息的材料。然而,材料數(shù)量將大幅減少。
考試中的材料可能采用多種形式,包括備忘錄、電子郵件、簡報、面試摘要、網(wǎng)頁、財務(wù)報告等,學生使用這些信息來完成他們的考試任務(wù)。
變化3
考試時間縮短Task數(shù)量變化
之前的SBL考試,考生需要在4小時內(nèi)完成3-5個task,以及每個task可能還會包含的幾個小問題。
本次改革以后,SBL的考試時間縮短了45分鐘,為3小時15分鐘,考生只需要完成3個task,當然,每個task依然可能會包含好幾個小問題。
變化4
專業(yè)技能考核方式
SBL考試包含專業(yè)技能分數(shù),占20分,這20分數(shù)會根據(jù)考生的綜合答題情況進行評定。
以前,專業(yè)技能會分散在很多不同的問題中,考核次數(shù)跟考核分數(shù)都是不確定的。
本次改革后,五大專業(yè)技能每一個技能僅考核一次,且每一個只占4分。即從9月開始,我們只會在5個問題中看到專業(yè)技能考核。
變化5
機考界面
以前,SBL考試的所有task都羅列在同一個界面上,學生通過點擊就能夠打開所有的task。
并且只有一個答題區(qū),所有的題目答案都寫在同一個文檔中。
本次改革后,機考界面上一次只能顯示一個task,大家如果想要看到其他的task,需點擊next按鈕。
Pre-seen information會單獨列出來。并且每一題的答題區(qū)都是不同的,即每一道題目的答案都會被單獨記錄在一個文檔中。
CFA申請證書需要描述工作經(jīng)驗,以下舉例說明,僅供參考:
CFA工作經(jīng)驗描述
示例1
符合要求的描述:
I prepare financial models based on reviewed information,analyze fundamentals,and value acquisition targets to provide recommendations to the investment committee.
滿足了哪些條件:
1.申請人描述了該職位所進行的獨立的分析工作。
2.該工作的產(chǎn)出為財務(wù)模型以及投資建議,可以影響投資決策。
示例2
不符合要求的描述:
My work focuses on successfully managing key relationships with end-clients relating to a new Know Your Client(KYC)initiative.
不足之處:
申請人需要更詳細地描述自己的工作內(nèi)容。現(xiàn)在的描述無法清楚地了解該職位會進行哪些獨立的分析工作,也沒有闡明自己的工作成果如何對投資決策產(chǎn)生影響。
潤色后的描述:
I develop and maintain strong working relationships with clients and communicate investment performance and strategy.I provide advice on a wide and diverse range of investment solutions customized to best meet the financial needs of those clients after thoroughly assessing financial fundamentals,reviewing business risk profile,and doing stress testing on cash flows.
CFA申請證書要求
1、通過CFA考試
CFA考試分為三個等級,考生需要全部通過CFA三個等級的考試,才算“通過CFA考試”
2、獲得合格的工作經(jīng)驗
CFA考生還需要獲得至少4000個小時的工作經(jīng)驗,并且需要在36個月內(nèi)完成,合格的工作經(jīng)驗需與投資決策的過程或者是為投資決策過程提供信息或增加價值的工作有關(guān),考生通過全職、兼職或遠程的工作安排獲得經(jīng)驗均可。
3、提交推薦信
考生還需要提交2-3封推薦信,推薦人需要在信中介紹申請人的職業(yè)性格、工作經(jīng)驗等。
4、申請成為特許持有者
具備了CFA證書申請資格的考生,還需要向CFA協(xié)會提交成為特許持有者的申請,一旦個人提交的特許持有者申請通過,則代表個人具有了特許持證的資格。
CFA證書含金量
1、鞏固基礎(chǔ),提升個人能力
相信大家心里都很清楚,CFA考試是有一定難度的,縱觀往年的考試情況,CFA考試通過率一直不太理想,由于CFA內(nèi)容所涵蓋的專業(yè)知識比較多,范圍廣,所以才導致考試通過率低的情況出現(xiàn)。不過,只要你成功通過了CFA考試,你就會擁有比較扎實的金融財務(wù)專業(yè)知識基礎(chǔ)功底,無論是職場還是工作方面都帶來非常大的幫助。
2、加薪
報考特許金融分析師CFA可是一件高回報率的事情,除了上述的幾點好處外,最重要的一點就是能夠提升大家的加薪機會。根據(jù)行業(yè)市場調(diào)查,CFA證書持有人其薪資普遍都非常高,CFA證書持有人對比非持證者,其薪資足足高出了50%的水平,簡單來說幾乎是漲了一般的工資,可見,CFA證書除了高含金量外,也是一張非常高回報率的證書。
CFO EVA,LIFO,FIFO,do these professional terms of accounting and finance still seem like a foreign language to you?Can you eliminate the mystery behind the numbers of the financial statements?Or,how would you utilize those financial concepts to become a greater asset to your company?
As a business executive,you experience the tide of global change in ways few others do.And you know that to manage this tide,which will only intensify in the years ahead,you need a foundation that is at once timeless and flexible.Higher position means greater responsibility where understanding and talking the language of finance becomes a significant part of the job,executives at all levels need to be adequately equipped.
Finance and Accounting for the Non-Financial Manager teaches the basics of financial reports,as well as the fundamentals of business valuation and the creation of shareholder value.The course begins by describing the accounting process and the creation of financial statement,meanwhile,reveals the company’s operation and finance truth behind the data.Once knowing how to read financial statements will be invaluable throughout your career,in analyzing business opportunities,assessing financial risks,communicating your ideas to others,and dealing with the real business situations.
Breakthrough the language of finance
Understanding the basic accounting model and its limitations
Analyzing and interpreting financial statements within the context of industry analysis and macroeconomic fundamentals
Mastering forecasting techniques
Providing rigorous tools and approaches to measure the effectiveness of your expenditures
Clarifying financial statements and their relationship to strategic decisions
Communicating more effectively with financial managers and accountants
Understanding different valuation techniques and respective benchmarks
General Managers,Directors,Experienced Managers
Vice President and Top Executives in all respective
Business Managers,Department Heads&Managers
Sales&Marketing Managers
Accountants,Corporate Treasury Managers
Investment Professionals
Any staff with a non-financial background looking to learn the fundamentals of finance
Finance Fundamental | Management Application |
-Introduction to the Course -The role of the finance function -Working with the finance teams -How companies succeed on finance? -Accounting Information—The Language of Business -What is financial accounting? -Why Financial Accounting is necessary? -Some process,terminology and concepts -Learn how financial data is generated and reported -Users and interpretation of Financial Statements -Managers and Financial Statements -The concept of shareholder value -Demystifying Financial Statements -Components of Financial Reports:balance sheet and P&L -Use financial data to evaluate the performance of department,organization,or division -Understand how accountants measure income,and show how it is related to a balance sheet -Cost of goods sold -The accrual concept and timing adjustments -Financial statements:graphical balance sheet simulation -Revisit the Income Statement and Balance sheet in a financial perspective -Cash Flow Statement,Distinguishing income from cash flow -The shortcomings of accounting -Implications of Revenue Recognition -Know effects of fair value measurement on financial statement -Analysis of Financial Statement—Where do you find useful information? -Qualitative Characteristics of financial Information -Locate and use sources of information about business performance -How accounting information assists in decision making -Linking decisions to financial metrics -How to increase ROCE -Profitability ratios -Economic Value Added(EVA TM) -Financial Decision Making -Profitability,liquidity ratios -Managing working capital -Financial Leverage -Debt ratios -Measuring business risk -Cash management -Study of the Annual Report of a Listed Company -Case:analyzing and interpreting a listed company’s annual report -Accounting Creates Value -Functions of management accounting -Management accounting compared to financial accounting -How the use of cost information defines its focus and form -Break-even analysis:ensuring fixed costs are covered -The costing principles and avoiding costing traps -The difference between traditional cost management systems and activity-based cost management systems
| -Budgeting and Forecasting:A Must in Pricing Effectively for Profit.Selecting the Best Costing Method and the Relevant Practical Pricing Theory -Budgeting and Forecasting:Two sides of the same process -Understanding the different steps involved in the process -How to minimize the risks in assessing the hypothesis underlying the performance -The cost information for pricing and product planning -Cost based pricing:a value-added approach -Customers:an outside in pricing -Competitors:predict their price -How to price effectively for profit,evaluating pricing methods -Case Study -Capital Investment Decision:Cash is King! -Cash flow forecasts as a planning tool -EBITDA,free cash flows -The analysis of return of capital employed,payback period,and discounted cash flow -Establishing cash flow forecasts -Calculating Net Present Values,IRR -Company Valuation:Risk and Corporate Characteristics -The fundamental tools of investment appraisal -The cost of capital and WACC,and how these are determined -The sensitivity analysis:how sensitive are key decision to potential changes in circumstances -Approaches to valuation -Capital Markets,Investment Banking and Financial Instruments:How to Face Your Long-term Financing Issues and More? -An introduction to capital markets -Different forms of financing(long term,short term) -Debt versus Equity -Gearing and beta factors -Capital Asset Pricing Models -Tax shields -Investing in China through Mergers or Acquisitions:Financial Business Practices and Managing the Related Risks -An Overview of the M&A market in China -Understanding the valuation gap between sellers and buyers -Understanding the structuring gap by the buyer -Understanding the negotiation gap between sellers and buyers -Understanding the execution gap -Understanding the challenges of the integration gap -Taking into account the Human dimension of any merger or acquisition |
想了解最新詳細課程大綱及資料,點擊網(wǎng)頁左側(cè)的在線咨詢圖標,與在線老師交流咨詢領(lǐng)取。
2023年北京cfa考點如下:
Beijing Huijia Vocational College(Huijia University)北京匯佳CFA考試中心
Beijing Xinnuo Soft Information Technology Co Ltd北京信諾CFA考試中心
BEIJING MODERN BUSINESS TRAINING SCHOOL北京現(xiàn)代商務(wù)學校CFA考試中心
cfa考試報名步驟
為了方便大家報名,會計網(wǎng)在這里為大家附上整理的最詳細版報名流程,想要報名的同學趕緊收藏啦!
1、進入?yún)f(xié)會官網(wǎng),登陸您的協(xié)會賬號,在my account里選擇CFA Program
2、點擊注冊
3、選擇您需要報考的考窗
4、按照報名流程正常報名
選擇前兩個,需填寫學校和畢業(yè)時間
選擇第三個需填寫公司和行業(yè)
5、確認報名費用,提交報名信息
6、支付費用,強烈推薦支付寶付費報名
CFA考試費用是多少?
?。?)CFA注冊費
CFA考試初次注冊費用:$450;CFA二三級不需要繳納。
(2)CFA報名各個階段考試費用(分為三個階段)
三個級別考試在每個階段的考試費用都是相同的,一階段:$700;二階段:$1000;三階段:$1450,CFA考試實行早報早優(yōu)惠政策,報名越早考試費用越低。
?。?)CFA考試稅費
剛報名考試對應(yīng)“新考生稅費”,已經(jīng)報名參加過考試的考生對應(yīng)“老考生稅費”。參考數(shù)值:新生稅$81,老生稅$48,具體以交費時顯示為準?!?/p>
CFA考試的報考條件
1、擁有學士學位或相當?shù)膶I(yè)水準以上,對專業(yè)沒有任何限制;
大學學習年限與全職工作經(jīng)驗合計滿四年;
如果申請人不具備學士學位,而是具備相當?shù)膶I(yè)水準,也可被接受為候選人。CFA會用工作經(jīng)歷來考核申請人的專業(yè)水準,一般來講,4年的工作經(jīng)歷即被視為替代學士學位。這4年的工作經(jīng)歷,不一定要從事投資領(lǐng)域相關(guān)工作,只要是合法、全職、專業(yè)性的工作經(jīng)歷都可被接受。在校大學生最后一學年才能參加CFA一級考試。
2、遵守職業(yè)道德規(guī)范;
3、完成注冊和報名以及支付費用;
4、英語水平中等偏上。
“重大非公開信息”的內(nèi)容是cfa一級《職業(yè)倫理道德》科目考試的重要考點,為了讓各位考生更容易理解知識點,會計網(wǎng)精心整理了相關(guān)的知識框架以及考察方式。
要求:不能泄露、使用或者促使他人使用重大非公開信息。
1.重大非公開信息
①重大四條件:an impact on the price;investors would want to know;reliable;effect of the information on price is clear;
②非公開:未向全社會公眾公布的信息均為非公開,注意部分公開也為非公開。
2.MosaicTheory(馬賽克理論):Public information+Nonmaterial Nonpublic information.
3.UsingIndustryExperts:可以用:行業(yè)趨勢、經(jīng)濟狀況等;不能用:重大非公開信息。
4.推薦做法:當懷疑一個信息是否為重大非公開信息時,要盡力去促進當事主體公開這個信息,信息公開之后才可以使用這個信息。
1.重大非公開信息的判斷,具體題目中一般滿足impact&reliable兩個條件即可;
2.馬賽克理論判斷,馬賽克理論的結(jié)論是否可以使用。
還想要了解更多有關(guān)cfa考試重要考點的內(nèi)容,考生可直接點擊下方圖片↓↓,領(lǐng)取CFA備考大禮包,免費獲取知識地圖、數(shù)學公司、詞匯手冊等學習資料~
cfa一級《職業(yè)倫理道德》科目考試中,市場操縱是主要考點之一,一般會考查市場操縱的方式以及合規(guī)的交易策略等內(nèi)容。
1.Information-Based Manipulation:dissemination of false or misleading information(散播不實謠言);
2.Transaction-Based Manipulation:distorting the price-setting mechanism;
3.合規(guī)的交易策略不屬于市場操縱(披露即可):
?、賹_基金的交易策略;
?、诖笞诮灰祝╞lock trade);
?、厶岣咝庐a(chǎn)品流動性采取的策略。
1.市場操縱的方式判斷;
2.合規(guī)的不違反本條細則的交易策略。
以上就是cfa一級知識點框架-市場操縱的相關(guān)內(nèi)容介紹了,為了助力考生快速提高分數(shù),成功上岸,會計網(wǎng)為大家準備了CFA備考大禮包,更多學習資料速速點擊下方圖片↓免費領(lǐng)取打包帶回家~
皇家墨爾本理工大學mba申請條件-RMIT澳洲大學25年報名指導!皇家墨爾本理工大學(RMIT),是一所位于澳大利亞墨爾本的公立研究型大學。該校被Quacquarelli Symonds(QS)評為五星級大學,在QS世界大學排名中,該校的藝術(shù)和設(shè)計學科在世界排名第19位,是澳大利亞最頂尖的藝術(shù)和設(shè)計大學?;始夷珷柋纠砉ご髮Wmba申請條件:本科+雅思。
一、皇家墨爾本理工大學mba申請條件-皇家墨爾本理工大學MBA申請條件
學歷要求:
必須持有澳大利亞學士學位(或同等海外學歷)或認可大專院校的任何學科的更高水平資格。
對于1.5年制的MBA,不需要本科專業(yè)背景或工作經(jīng)驗;對于2年制的MBA,如果有本科專業(yè)背景(不要求工作經(jīng)驗),也可以申請1.5年制。
GPA要求:
最低GPA為1.0(滿分4.0)。
語言要求:
雅思總分需達到6.5分,單項不低于6.0分。
二、皇家墨爾本理工大學mba學費-皇家墨爾本理工大學商科招生專業(yè)
1、Executive Master of Business Administration|行政工商管理碩士
2、Master of Analytics|分析學碩士
3、Master of Business Administration|工商管理碩士
4、Master of Business Information Technology|商業(yè)信息技術(shù)碩士
5、Master of Commerce|商業(yè)碩士
6、Master of Finance|金融碩士
7、Master of Human Resource Management|人力資源管理碩士
8、Master of Information Management|信息管理碩士
9、Master of International Business|國際商務(wù)碩士
10、Master of Marketing|市場營銷碩士
11、Master of Professional Accounting|專業(yè)會計碩士
12、Master of Professional Accounting(CPA Australia Extension)|專業(yè)會計碩士(澳洲CPA擴展版)
13、Master of Supply Chain and Logistics Management|供應(yīng)鏈和物流管理碩士
14、Master of Business(Accountancy)|商業(yè)碩士(會計學)
15、Master of Business(Business&Law)|商業(yè)碩士(商業(yè)和法律)
16、Master of Business(Business Information Systems)|商業(yè)碩士(商業(yè)信息系統(tǒng))
17、Master of Business(Economics,Finance&Marketing)|商業(yè)碩士(經(jīng)濟、金融和市場營銷)
18、Master of Business(Management)|商業(yè)(管理)碩士19、Master of Business(Supply Chain Logistics)|商業(yè)碩士(供應(yīng)鏈物流)
注:本文部分內(nèi)容來自官網(wǎng),或網(wǎng)絡(luò)搜集信息僅供參考,不代表合作關(guān)系,如有侵權(quán),聯(lián)系刪除
Worldwide famous‘Toyota pioneered lean practices’crashed and burned in early 2010,which changed the fate of the world top one automobile manufacturer and also rang the alarm bell to all the finance and operation executives that how to avoid Toyota tragedy while implementing lean finance into production.
As the lean approach percolates into ever wider circles of operations,it ceases to be about best practice and starts to become a part of the fabric of doing business.The important thing,in the heat of competition,will be how well companies implement them and averse the follow-up risks,which caused by the diversity of cultures,infrastructures and environments.
This training aims to look at wider ranging operational excellence programs and the methods of successful implementation.It is also more about building the energy and engagement of employees from the shop floor and the office pool upward,tapping into their ideas,focusing them on constant problem solving,and keeping them open to change and flexibility.
Learning how companies like Boeing,Parker Hannifin,Siemens,Messier Dowty and hosts of smaller firms are revolutionizing accounting,control and measurement processes
The first systematic lean program about the specifics of adapting financial systems to better serve lean operations by the world leading lean authority
Providing accurate,timely and understandable information to motivate the lean transformation throughout the organization,and for decision-making leading to increased customer value,growth,profitability,and cash flow
Using lean methods to eliminate waste from the accounting processes while maintaining thorough financial control
Supporting the lean culture by motivating investment in people,providing information that is relevant and actionable,and empowers continuous improvement at very level of the organization
Developing action plans for implementing Lean Accounting methods in participating companies considering the existing defense industry structural barriers
Learning the approach of how to design and measure work to achieve business objectives to implement your lean system design
Helping the design of a radically new way of the processes and savagely eliminating wastes from it
Putting performance measurement on a different level
Reducing customer wait times and creating value to them by kinds of tools
Executive Leaders,Financial Professionals,Lean Specialists
Financial Directors,Financial Managers,Accountants
Senior Managers in Operations,Product,Procurement,Sales,and Marketing,etc.
Highly recommending to bring a small group or team to the workshop to maximize the benefits
Lean Introduction
Five Principles of Lean Thinking
New lean methods of accounting,control&measurement
Box Score
The Structure of Box Score
Box Score implementing in lean accounting to prioritize the lean improvement projects
Value Stream Management
The importance and helpfulness of value streams
A standard method for determining the value stream flows
Flows implementing for developing the best value stream organization
Group Work:Design a value stream structure for a company making values and manifolds
Lean Performance Measurements
Lean measurements‘Starter Set’
‘Lean Performance Measurement Linkage Chart’
Changing‘command&control’management style to a lean management style
Value Stream Accounting
Value streams as the primary cost objects
Collecting information of summary,direct value stream revenue and cost
Creating a‘Plain English’income statement
Exercise
Value Steam Capacity
Value steam map
Capacity model
Value stream capacity usage and analysis
Exercise
Decision Making
Box Score decision-making templates
Effective decision making
Exercise
Transaction Elimination
Identifying and eliminating the wasteful transactions
Transaction Elimination Maturity Path Matrix
Lean Accounting‘Footprint’Chart–current&future state
Documenting the changes
Exercise
Box Score in an Administrative Process
Box Score for monitoring and improving the process
Radical improvement in an account payable process
Implementation of Basic Lean Accounting
Approach to the implementation of basic lean accounting
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ACCA科目一共有15門,APM是其中一門,即《高級業(yè)績管理》,屬于選修科目,具體學五個部分的內(nèi)容,分別有strategic planning and control、External influences on organizational performance、Performance measurement information system and developments in technology、Strategic performance measurement、Performance*uation and corporate failure。具體如下:
一、strategic planning and control
這個模塊是APM的開端,也是APM的終點。
主要描述了公司如何進行戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃和控制。同時,這個模塊也講解了我們進行規(guī)劃和控制的基本方法,比如預算,企業(yè)流程再造,企業(yè)整合,價值鏈和環(huán)境管理會計模式。
二、External influences on organizational performance
這個模塊主要介紹了影響企業(yè)業(yè)績的外部因素。
三、Performance measurement information system and developments in technology
這個模塊是APM最神奇的模塊,沒有之一。它可以跟APM的任何一個結(jié)合起來考察。
在這個章節(jié)你會學到各式各樣的信息系統(tǒng),業(yè)績報告系統(tǒng)。信息系統(tǒng)和業(yè)績報告系統(tǒng),都是為了公司的更好地評估和管理公司的業(yè)績而存在的。
四、Strategic performance measurement
這個模塊側(cè)重于業(yè)績評估模型和方法論。
你會在此模塊學到企業(yè)管理中常見的業(yè)績評估工具,包括財務(wù)業(yè)績指標和非財務(wù)業(yè)績指標。同時,在非營利組織和政府部門的業(yè)績評估,也會存在一些新的評估模型和方法。
五、Performance*uation and corporate failure
這個模塊側(cè)重于業(yè)績管理模型,和公司失敗的評估。
在ACCA備考過程中,很多考生在做題時因為無法抓準當中的重點內(nèi)容而導致無法順利通關(guān)。對此,會計網(wǎng)今天針對LW科目給大家?guī)砹怂牡狸P(guān)于合同(contract)的題目,并詳解當中的重要考點,希望有所幫助。
1. In the context of contract law,a bid at an auction is which of the following?
A. An invitation to treat
B. An offer
C. A counter-offer
D. An acceptance
答案:B
解析:
本題考查的是offer,難度適中。題目問的是拍賣中的bid-出價是什么。
拍賣分為兩種:有底價的拍賣和無底價的拍賣(without reserve)。
有底價拍賣是指在拍賣前將拍賣標的進行估價,確定一個比較合理的底價即保留價,底價根據(jù)委托人的要求予以保密,競買人的出價需高于或等于拍賣標的底價方可成交。在這種拍賣中,展示商品是要約邀請-ITT;出價(bid)是offer;拍賣師的小錘子落下是accept(acceptance takes place by the fall of the auctioneer’s hammer)。
無底價拍賣是指拍賣標的不設(shè)定底價,由競買人自相報價,由報價最高者購得拍賣標的。在這種拍賣中,展示商品是offer;出價是accept。如果題目中沒有特殊說明,就是指有底價的拍賣。所以本題問的bid是offer。
2. Which of the following can be accepted so as to form a binding contract?
A. A quotation of price
B. A statement of intent
C. A supply of information
D. An agreement to enter into a future contract
答案:A
解析:
本題考查的是offer,難度偏難。哪個選項被接受后可以形成有約束力的合同。只有offer被accept之后才可以形成有約束力的合同。所以本題就是在問哪個選項是offer。
A quotation of price是指一方給另一方發(fā)的offer中包含的報價,看對方是否可以接受。所以本題選A。這里要和circulation of a price list區(qū)分開,circulation of a price list是報價單,只是把商品標明了價格,是ITT。
A statement of intent是意向書,僅僅是一方向另一方表達想簽訂合同的意向,并不是accept。
A supply of information是提供信息。單獨拿出來讓大家辨別還是很簡單的。但是這個知識點經(jīng)常考查Harvey v Facey 1893這個先例案件。在這個先例案件中,被告告訴了原告自己可以接受的最低價,法庭認定這個行為是supply of information,既不是offer,也不是ITT。所以同學們在做題的過程中如果看到類似的情況,一定要區(qū)分清楚。
An agreement to enter into a future contract是一方同意在將來與另一方簽訂合同,這是agreement,不是offer。
另外,受要約人的回復屬于counter offer還是request for information也是常見的考查方式。比如,A對B發(fā)了一個offer,愿意以£500的價格將車賣給B,B回復:“我可以分期付款嗎?”這個回復就是request for information;而假如對A的offer加一個條件,要求B必須以現(xiàn)金的形式全額支付,那么此時B的回復就是counter offer。
從選項中選出offer或者ITT是很常見的題目,Section A和Section B中都會出現(xiàn),大家要仔細區(qū)分,分析交易的場景,做出準確判斷。
3. Which of the following may imply terms into contracts?
A. Statute
B. Third parties
C. The parties to the contract
答案:A
解析:
本題考察的是合同條款的一種分類形式,難度適中。題目問的是哪一項是合同的默示條款。合同條款可以按照進入合同的形式分為Express term和Implied term。
Express term是合同的明示條款,是在合同里面明確列示出來的條款;Implied term是合同的默示條款,沒有在合同里面明確列示但是被默認存在的條款。分為三種:
?、佟erms implied by statute,成文法規(guī)定的默示條款。
?、凇erms implied by custom,慣例形成的默示條款。
?、邸erms implied by the courts,法庭認為合同中應(yīng)該包含的條款。
所以,本題選A。
4. Breach of which of the following terms does NOT allow the possibility of the aggrieved party terminating the contract?
A. An innominate term
B. A condition
C. A warranty
答案:C
解析:
本題考查的是合同條款的另一種分類形式,難度適中。題目問違反下列哪些條款不允許被違約方終止合同?
合同條款可以按照內(nèi)容分為Condition,Warranty和Innominate terms。
Condition是合同的基礎(chǔ)性條款,如果被違反了,被違約方可以終止合同并且要求獲得賠償;Warranty是合同的附屬條款,如果被違反了,被違約方只可以要求獲得賠償,不可以終止合同;
Innominate terms是介于Condition和Warranty之間的條款,在合同成立時并不能確定是哪種條款,只能根據(jù)條款被違背后導致的結(jié)果來判斷。如果違背該條款導致合同無法進行,該條款就是Condition,那么被違約方就可以終止合同。所以,本題選擇C。
這四道題目講解完了,大家可以發(fā)現(xiàn)offer和term是合同這部分的重點內(nèi)容,考試會從不同的角度對這部分進行考察。希望大家可以好好理解相關(guān)內(nèi)容,順利通過考試,謝謝大家!
來源:ACCA學習幫