相信大家在學(xué)習(xí)ACCA“Taxation”這門學(xué)科課程時(shí)候,當(dāng)中會涉及比較多英國納稅體系相關(guān)知識點(diǎn),然而有比較多考生會對這部分知識存在疑惑及不理解,為了更好幫助大家認(rèn)識這一塊內(nèi)容,會計(jì)網(wǎng)就跟各位詳細(xì)介紹關(guān)于英國稅法體系的考點(diǎn)知識。
01、稅收的基本功能function和目的purpose是什么?
稅收是一種強(qiáng)有力的政策工具,也是主要的財(cái)政收入來源之一。它的存在,對社會穩(wěn)定發(fā)揮著重要作用,主要體現(xiàn)在如下三個(gè)方面:
A)Economic factors(Encourage and discourage certain types of activity:用來鼓勵或者抑制某些特定類型的活動,比如為了國民健康的角度考慮,煙酒的稅率相對較高,一定程度上增大了消費(fèi)成本)
B)Social factors(Redistribute income and wealth:對收入或者財(cái)富的再分配,納稅的金額是根據(jù)收入的高低呈階梯狀分布的,可以簡單理解為收入越高或財(cái)富累計(jì)值越多的人,需要繳納的稅賦也越多。通過這種累進(jìn)稅progressive tax的方式,可以一定程度上調(diào)節(jié)社會的貧富差距。)
C)Environmental factors(To deal with environmental concerns like global warming:可以通過稅收的調(diào)節(jié)提高國民環(huán)保的意識,比如高排車征稅多,而環(huán)境友好型或者電動車會更多地被鼓勵使用。)
02、稅賦的類型different types of taxes
A) Direct taxes直接稅
是由承擔(dān)納稅義務(wù)的人直接向稅務(wù)局納稅,而不是繳納給商家/賣家。常見的稅賦類型包括了Income tax,Corporation tax,National insurance contribution,Capital gains tax,Inheritance tax幾種。
B) Indirect taxes間接稅
不是直接將稅交給稅務(wù)局,而是交給商家/賣家,由其代交給稅務(wù)局。所以向稅務(wù)局納稅的人,并不是直接承擔(dān)納稅義務(wù)方。Value added tax增值稅是一個(gè)典型的例子。
C) Revenue taxes收入稅
這個(gè)指的是根據(jù)納稅人的收入水平征收的稅,一般來說收入越高,納稅越多。常見的稅賦類型包括了Income tax,Corporation tax(on income profits的部分),National insurance contribution幾種。
D) Capital taxes資本稅
這個(gè)是由于資產(chǎn)自身的增值等帶來了資本利得或者財(cái)富,進(jìn)而征收的稅款。一般來說增值越多,價(jià)值越高,納稅越多。常見的稅賦類型包括了Capital gains tax,Corporation tax(on capital gains的部分),Inheritance tax幾種。
03、英國稅收系統(tǒng)UK tax system
根據(jù)英國的稅收系統(tǒng)基本框架結(jié)構(gòu)及其部門設(shè)置,可將主線分為兩條。一邊是負(fù)責(zé)做事情的財(cái)政部Her Majesty’s Treasury,另一邊是負(fù)責(zé)監(jiān)管的皇家檢察署Crown Prosecution Service(CPS)。
A) 財(cái)政部Her Majesty’s Treasury
財(cái)政部下設(shè)稅務(wù)及海關(guān)總署Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs(HMRC),其中又細(xì)分為Officers of Revenue and Customs對稅款進(jìn)行核對,以及Receivable Management Officers對具體款項(xiàng)進(jìn)行征收。
B) 皇家檢察署Crown Prosecution Service(CPS)
皇家檢察署下設(shè)稅務(wù)法庭Tax Tribunal稅務(wù)法庭,主要分成一級法院First tier tribunal(針對金額小的,案件簡單,即Basic cases; standard cases; Paper cases)和二級法院Upper tribunal(針對金額大的,案件復(fù)雜,即Complex case)。
當(dāng)一級法院First Tier Tribunal無法做決定時(shí),可以進(jìn)一步匯報(bào)給二級法院Upper Tribunal,或者再由二級法院Upper Tribunal再進(jìn)一步匯報(bào)到法庭Court of Appeal.
04、具有法律效力的幾大法案來源Different sources of revenue law
A) Acts of Parliament議會成文法案
B) Statutory Instruments法定文書
C) Case law判例法
D) 除此之外稅務(wù)局還會出具一些公開的信息,統(tǒng)稱為 HMRC publication, 起輔助稅務(wù)管理的作用,但是不具法律效力:
(a) Statements of practice, setting out how they intend to apply the law
實(shí)踐聲明,具體解釋它如何運(yùn)用于法律
(b) Extra-statutory concessions, setting out circumstances in which they will not apply the strict letter of the law where it would be unfair
法外特許,關(guān)于法律不能被嚴(yán)格遵守時(shí)的特殊情況說明
(c) A wide range of explanatory leaflets
其他廣泛的解釋
(d) Revenue and Customs Brief. This is gives HMRC's view on specific points
稅務(wù)及海關(guān)簡述,稅務(wù)局對某些具體問題的闡述
(e) The Internal Guidance, a series of manuals used by HMRC staff
內(nèi)部指南,稅務(wù)局工作人員從業(yè)手冊
05、節(jié)稅與逃稅Tax avoidance and tax evasion
A)Tax avoidance節(jié)稅
指的是合理避稅,也就是說通過稅務(wù)籌劃tax planning的方式,在不違法法律條款的前提下,來達(dá)到減免稅賦reduce tax burden的目的。
這種行為是合法Legal的。
B)Tax evasion逃稅
指的是逃稅漏稅,也就是說通過誤導(dǎo)稅務(wù)局Misleading HMRC的方式,暗中篡改數(shù)據(jù)或事實(shí),故意隱瞞某些特定信息suppressing information或者故意提供虛假信息deliberately providing false information,以此來達(dá)到少交稅的目的。
這種行為是不合法Illegal的。
06、道德相關(guān)問題Ethical and professional issues
作為專業(yè)的會計(jì)師,我們在給客戶提供稅務(wù)相關(guān)的專業(yè)服務(wù)時(shí),不可忽視的是職業(yè)道德的問題。在遇到客戶逃稅漏稅或者其他不合理行為時(shí),我們要及時(shí)作出正確的處理。
A)The accountant has a responsibility to advise the client of the error, omission or failure and recommend that disclosure be made to HMRC.
會計(jì)師有責(zé)任針對客戶的錯誤、信息缺失或其他行為為客戶提供專業(yè)的建議,告知顧客應(yīng)該按照相關(guān)規(guī)定向稅務(wù)局進(jìn)行披露。
B)If the client does not correct the error, omission or failure , the accountant should cease to act for the client and inform the client in writing.
如果顧客不及時(shí)改正錯誤,會計(jì)師應(yīng)該立刻終止服務(wù),并且以書面的形式正式地通知客戶。
A)The accountant should also notify HMRC that the accountant no longer acts for the client but should not provide details of the reason for ceasing to act.
會計(jì)師應(yīng)該通知稅務(wù)局不再為顧客提供專業(yè)的稅務(wù)服務(wù),但是不需提供具體細(xì)節(jié)性的說明(關(guān)于終止服務(wù)的具體原因)。
B)Report the client's refusal and the facts surrounding it to the Money Laundering Reporting Officer.
會計(jì)師應(yīng)該把顧客的行為和相關(guān)事實(shí)及時(shí)匯報(bào)給洗錢相關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)MLRO。
C)The accountant must not disclose to the client that such a report has been made because it would be likely to prejudice investigation and this might constitute the criminal offence of 'tipping-off'.
會計(jì)師不能向客戶通風(fēng)報(bào)信,可能會提前讓顧客有所準(zhǔn)備而妨礙到相關(guān)調(diào)查的進(jìn)行。
本文為ACCA學(xué)習(xí)幫原創(chuàng)文章,獨(dú)家版權(quán)歸于本平臺,受到原創(chuàng)保護(hù)。任何渠道的轉(zhuǎn)載請后臺留言聯(lián)系授權(quán),侵權(quán)必究。
優(yōu)先股是指享有優(yōu)先權(quán)的股票,其風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較小。對于擁有優(yōu)先股的股東而言,享有優(yōu)先權(quán),但對公司事務(wù)無表決權(quán)。對于優(yōu)先股,應(yīng)如何進(jìn)行賬務(wù)處理?
優(yōu)先股如何做賬?
借:銀行存款
貸:股本——優(yōu)先股
資本公積(溢價(jià)發(fā)行)
或:
借:銀行存款
資本公積(折價(jià)發(fā)行)
貸:股本——優(yōu)先股
或:
借:銀行存款
貸:股本——優(yōu)先股 (平價(jià)發(fā)行)
優(yōu)先股的主要分類
(1)可轉(zhuǎn)換優(yōu)先股與不可轉(zhuǎn)換優(yōu)先股??赊D(zhuǎn)換的優(yōu)先股是指優(yōu)先股持有人在特定條件下可以把優(yōu)先股轉(zhuǎn)換成為普通股。若不可轉(zhuǎn)換則為不可轉(zhuǎn)換優(yōu)先股。
(2)參與優(yōu)先股與非參與優(yōu)先股。參與優(yōu)先股是指當(dāng)企業(yè)利潤增大時(shí)可以跟普通股共同參與利潤分配的優(yōu)先股。而對于不可以再參與利潤分配的優(yōu)先股,稱為“非參與優(yōu)先股”。對投資者來說,參與優(yōu)先股比非參與優(yōu)先股更為有利。
(3)累積優(yōu)先股和非累積優(yōu)先股。累積優(yōu)先股是指在該年公司沒有分派規(guī)定的股利時(shí),日后優(yōu)先股的股東可以對未給付的股息要求補(bǔ)給。而非累積優(yōu)先股的股東不可要求公司在以后年度補(bǔ)發(fā)。對投資者來說,累積優(yōu)先股比非累積優(yōu)先股具有更為有利。
(4)可收回優(yōu)先股與不可收回優(yōu)先股。可收回優(yōu)先股是指允許發(fā)行該類股票的公司可以將已發(fā)生的優(yōu)先股收回。若不可以收回則為不可收回優(yōu)先股。
ACCA考試P1道德決策重要知識點(diǎn)主要涉及兩個(gè)模型,分別是American Accounting Association(AAA)model和ucker’s 5-question model,相關(guān)知識點(diǎn)講解具體如下:
American Accounting Association(AAA)Model
AAA model是Langenderfer and Rockness在1990年提出的,通過7個(gè)步驟做道德決策。
案例:
有一個(gè)審計(jì)師發(fā)現(xiàn)顧客(被審計(jì)單位)的財(cái)務(wù)賬上有不定期的現(xiàn)金收付款,但是財(cái)務(wù)總監(jiān)并不能很好地解釋該現(xiàn)象。審計(jì)師懷疑這些現(xiàn)金指出是為了賄賂某人,但沒有證據(jù)。這時(shí),被審計(jì)單位提出,如果審計(jì)師假裝沒發(fā)現(xiàn)這些現(xiàn)金付款,那么審計(jì)師可以獲得一大筆錢。那么審計(jì)員應(yīng)該拿這筆錢嗎?
Step 1:What are the facts of the case?案例情節(jié)事實(shí)是什么?
事實(shí)是,審計(jì)師發(fā)現(xiàn)了“賄賂”證據(jù),但是又被提供賄賂來忽略這些證據(jù)。
Step 2:What are the ethical issues in the case?案例涉及的道德問題是什么?
這里的道德問題是,是否該接受這筆“賄賂”。一旦接受了這筆錢,審計(jì)師面臨著違法問題acting illegally和專業(yè)疏失negligent of his professional duties。
Step 3:What are the norms,principles,and values related to the case?與案例相關(guān)的“best practice”是什么(norms,principles,and values)
按照股東和其他活躍在資本市場的相關(guān)人員要求,審計(jì)師應(yīng)當(dāng)正直impeccable integrity,并確保被審計(jì)單位提供真實(shí)而公允的財(cái)務(wù)狀況。任何妨礙或干擾審計(jì)師客觀性objectivity的行為都標(biāo)志著審計(jì)師不夠?qū)蓶|的負(fù)責(zé)a failure of the auditor’s duty to shareholders。
Step 4:What are the alternative courses of action?針對案例,有哪些方案可供選擇?
選擇1:接受賄賂,無視這些不正常的現(xiàn)金支付。
選擇2:拒絕賄賂,并采取相關(guān)行動。
Step 5:What is the best course of action that is consistent with the norms,principles,and values identified in Step 3?第四步中的方案哪個(gè)與第三步中的“best practice”一致。
按照第三步做出的指導(dǎo),審計(jì)師應(yīng)該拒絕賄賂(選擇2)。審計(jì)師應(yīng)該匯報(bào)這些非常規(guī)的現(xiàn)金支付,并且匯報(bào)被審計(jì)單位的行賄行為。
Step 6:What are the consequences of each possible course of action?第四步中各方案的后果,考慮各方案的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)。
如果審計(jì)師選擇1,接受賄賂。
優(yōu)點(diǎn):他將有錢,并提高生活水平。
缺點(diǎn):有專業(yè)上和法律上的麻煩expose himself to the risk of being in both professional and legal trouble
后果:他不得不“夾著尾巴做人”,因?yàn)樗雷约菏苜V了,而且這筆錢會演變成欠客戶的一筆債,因?yàn)樗揽蛻綦S時(shí)都可能揭發(fā)他。
如果審計(jì)師選擇2,拒絕賄賂。
缺點(diǎn):給顧客帶來一定的麻煩,也會影響未來的關(guān)系client–auditor relationship。
優(yōu)點(diǎn):能保持并提高審計(jì)師的聲譽(yù)和社會地位,維護(hù)公眾對審計(jì)的信心,維護(hù)股東的最大利益。
Step 7:What is the decision?最終的決策
選擇2,審計(jì)師應(yīng)該拒絕賄賂。
Tucker’s 5-question model
考慮5個(gè)問題:
●Profitable?該項(xiàng)目對企業(yè)是否盈利?
●Legal?該項(xiàng)目是否合法?
●Fair?該項(xiàng)目對stakeholder是否公平?
●Right?該項(xiàng)目是否符合道德判斷?
●Sustainable or environmentally sound?該項(xiàng)目是否環(huán)保?
這個(gè)模型與AAA模型略有不同。Tucker的模型并不僅僅涵蓋了道德決策。相對AAA模型,Tucker的模型還考慮了對于自然環(huán)境的影響environmental relevance,還有被審查企業(yè)的盈利能力profitability。
這就意味著使用Tucker’s model需要更多思考。因?yàn)?個(gè)提問中的3個(gè)(profitable,fair,and right)都需要額外的信息。
1.is it profitable?問盈利情況,是需要參照物可比的。
2.is it fair?問公平情況,是需要從誰的角度來看depends on whose perspective,這件事是否公平。這涉及到利益相關(guān)者及其訴求問題。
3.is it right?問是否正確,是需要看用什么樣的道德觀念。比如義務(wù)論者deontological perspective與目的論者teleological perspective對于同一件事會持不同的道德判斷。
所以,為了清晰地呈現(xiàn)Tucker’s model的精髓,我們用2個(gè)決策場景來呈現(xiàn)該模型的應(yīng)用,一個(gè)簡單,一個(gè)稍微復(fù)雜一些。
案例一:
有一家大公司計(jì)劃在一個(gè)發(fā)展中國家建造一個(gè)新工廠。因?yàn)榱畠r(jià)勞動力和較低的土地成本,建設(shè)新工廠比其他方案更有利可圖。該發(fā)展中國家的政府已經(jīng)幫助大公司合法入駐,當(dāng)?shù)鼐用褚财谂沃蜆I(yè)機(jī)會,而這些工作又會帶來經(jīng)濟(jì)增長。該工廠建立在一塊存在環(huán)境問題的舊工地上,但是新的工廠的污染排放更低。
Is it profitable?這項(xiàng)目賺錢嗎?
Yes.因?yàn)榱畠r(jià)勞動力和較低的土地成本,對于企業(yè)而言,建設(shè)新工廠比其他方案更有利可圖。
Is it legal?這樣做合法嗎?
Yes.該發(fā)展中國家的政府已經(jīng)幫助該公司合法入駐。
Is it fair?這樣做公平嗎?
就目前來看,yes.在案例中只提到一個(gè)利益相關(guān)者,那就是當(dāng)?shù)貏趧恿?,非??释@個(gè)工作。案例沒有提到其他利益相關(guān)者因?yàn)樾聫S而受負(fù)面影響。
Is it right?這樣做對嗎?
Yes.案例中說新廠能幫助發(fā)展中國家經(jīng)濟(jì)增長,也無反對意見。從結(jié)果的角度來說based on consequence,這是對的。
Is it sustainable or environmentally sound?對環(huán)境有利可持續(xù)發(fā)展嗎?
Yes.案例中特別提到,新廠是環(huán)保的。
案例二:
有一家大公司將在發(fā)展中國家的投資建廠。但是,該建廠用地是從窮人手中強(qiáng)制征收的“貧民窟”,這導(dǎo)致了這批窮人無家可歸。
Is it profitable?該項(xiàng)目是否賺錢?
Yes.
Is it legal?該項(xiàng)目是否合法?
案例中沒有提到。
Is it fair?這公平嗎?
從窮人的角度來說,是不公平的。因?yàn)樗麄円虼藷o家可歸了。
從公司的角度來說,是公平的。
從勞動力的角度來說,是公平的。因?yàn)槠髽I(yè)在此投資建廠,能帶動當(dāng)?shù)鼐蜆I(yè)。
Is it right?這樣做對嗎?
窮人會從道德的角度斥責(zé)這樣“征收用地”是不對的。
對于這個(gè)問題,可以查看有沒有其他補(bǔ)救措施,比如在其他地方找住所解決窮人的居住問題rehousing them。
Is it sustainable or environmentally sound?這對環(huán)境可持續(xù)嗎?
對當(dāng)?shù)丨h(huán)境無惡性污染。
在考試中,考生需要用其中一個(gè)模型去分析案例。
如果題目中的案例情況非常復(fù)雜,那么答案也需要體現(xiàn)這種復(fù)雜性。比如,在運(yùn)用模型的同時(shí)用正反兩種觀點(diǎn)分別闡述,并在下結(jié)論的時(shí)候也需要體現(xiàn)正反觀點(diǎn)。而事實(shí)上,只有在案例很清晰,或者案例信息很少的情況下,結(jié)論才會比較直截了當(dāng)straightforward。
優(yōu)先股股東是持有優(yōu)先股的投資者,其在收益分配上享受優(yōu)先權(quán),公司解散清算時(shí)擁有優(yōu)先獲賠權(quán),不過優(yōu)先股股東不具有表決權(quán),僅享受固定股息。優(yōu)先股是享有優(yōu)先權(quán)的股票,在公司盈利和剩余財(cái)產(chǎn)分配權(quán)利方面,優(yōu)先于普通股,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較小。
優(yōu)先股股東有哪些優(yōu)先權(quán)利?
優(yōu)先股股東具有的優(yōu)先權(quán)利包括:優(yōu)先按照實(shí)繳的出資比例認(rèn)繳出資的權(quán)利;優(yōu)先分配利潤的權(quán)利;股東轉(zhuǎn)讓股權(quán)時(shí),具有優(yōu)先購買的權(quán)利;分配公司剩余財(cái)產(chǎn)的優(yōu)先權(quán)利。
優(yōu)先股有哪些優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)?
優(yōu)先股的優(yōu)點(diǎn)包括:
1、財(cái)務(wù)上靈活機(jī)動。優(yōu)先股實(shí)質(zhì)上是永續(xù)性借款,沒有最終到期期限,企業(yè)可在有利條件下收回優(yōu)先股票,有較大的靈活性;
2、財(cái)務(wù)負(fù)擔(dān)較輕。如果公司發(fā)生財(cái)務(wù)狀況惡化情況,優(yōu)先股票股利因?yàn)椴皇前l(fā)行公司必須償付的法定債務(wù)從而可以不承擔(dān),減輕企業(yè)的財(cái)務(wù)負(fù)擔(dān);
3、財(cái)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)小。債權(quán)人角度認(rèn)為優(yōu)先股屬于公司股本,鞏固了公司的財(cái)務(wù)狀況,提高公司的舉債能力,有較小的財(cái)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn);
4、不減少普通股票收益與控制權(quán)。優(yōu)先股每股收益與普通股票相比是固定的,只要企業(yè)優(yōu)先股票成本率低于凈資產(chǎn)收益率,普通股每股收益就會上升;優(yōu)先股票不影響普通股股東對企業(yè)的控制權(quán)。
優(yōu)先股的缺點(diǎn)包括:
1、資金成本高。由于優(yōu)先股股利不能抵減所得稅,其成本高于債務(wù)成本;
2、股利支付具有固定性。
優(yōu)先股怎么做會計(jì)分錄?
借:銀行存款
貸:股本——優(yōu)先股
資本公積(如果溢價(jià)發(fā)行)
或者:
借:銀行存款
資本公積(如果折價(jià)發(fā)行)
貸:股本——優(yōu)先股
或者:
借:銀行存款
貸:股本——優(yōu)先股(如果平價(jià)發(fā)行)
FRM二級考試中的信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)敝口是重要考點(diǎn)之一,考生需在掌握其含義的前提上進(jìn)一步理解,掌握相關(guān)題目做法。下面是關(guān)于信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)敞口歷年真題分析,一起來看~
Consider two portfolios.One with USD 10 million credit exposure to a single B-rated counterparty.The second with USD 10 million on credit exposure split evenly between 100 B-rated counterparties.Assume that default probabilities and recovery rates are the same for all B-rated counterparties.Which of the following is correct?》》點(diǎn)擊領(lǐng)取2022年FRM備考資料大禮包
?。ˋ)The expected loss of the first portfolio is greater than the expected loss of the second portfolio and the unexpected loss of the first portfolio is greater than the unexpected loss of the second portfolio.
(B)The expected loss of the first portfolio is equal to the expected loss of the second portfolio and the unexpected loss of the first portfolio is greater than the unexpected loss of the second portfolio.
?。–)The expected loss of the first portfolio is greater than the expected loss of the second portfolio and the unexpected loss of the first portfolio is equal to the unexpected loss of the second portfolio.
(D)The expected loss of the first portfolio is equal to the expected loss of the second portfolio and the unexpected loss of the first portfolio is equal to the unexpected loss of the second portfolio.
答案:B
解析:Unexpected loss is the volatility of the expected loss.There’s diversification effect in unexpected loss.
考慮兩個(gè)投資組合,一個(gè)對一個(gè)B級交易對手有1000萬美元的信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)敞口。第二個(gè)是1000萬美元的信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)敞口,平均分配給100個(gè)B級交易對手。假設(shè)所有B級交易對手的違約概率和回收率相同。下列哪項(xiàng)是正確的?
A.第一個(gè)投資組合的預(yù)期損失大于第二個(gè)投資組合的預(yù)期損失,第一個(gè)投資組合的意外損失大于第二個(gè)投資組合的意外損失。
B.第一個(gè)投資組合的預(yù)期損失等于第二個(gè)投資組合的預(yù)期損失,第一個(gè)投資組合的預(yù)期損失大于第二個(gè)投資組合的預(yù)期損失。
C.第一個(gè)投資組合的預(yù)期損失大于第二個(gè)投資組合的預(yù)期損失,第一個(gè)投資組合的預(yù)期損失等于第二個(gè)投資組合的預(yù)期損失。
D.第一個(gè)投資組合的預(yù)期損失等于第二個(gè)投資組合的預(yù)期損失,第一個(gè)投資組合的意外損失等于第二個(gè)投資組合的意外損失。
答案:B
解析:意外損失是指預(yù)期損失的波動性。非預(yù)期損失存在多元化效應(yīng)。
CQF的高級選修課有:算法交易、高級計(jì)算方法、高級風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理、高級波動率模型、基于Python的機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)、高級投資組合管理、交易對手風(fēng)險(xiǎn)模型、量化中的行為經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、基于R語言的量化金融分析、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)算、金融科技、C++編程。
CQF整個(gè)項(xiàng)目的主要包含核心課程和高級選修課程,核心課程是Model 1-Model 6,在Model 6模塊學(xué)習(xí)完后,還有上述的12門高級選修課,每位學(xué)員可以選擇2門自己感興趣的課程內(nèi)容進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí),高級選修課的內(nèi)容和CQF的Final Project考試課題是相關(guān)的,因?yàn)镕inal Project的多個(gè)考試課題中,大部分是來自高級選修的課題,如果你想在Final Project考試中做一個(gè)你擅長的課題,那么在高級選修課中就選擇相關(guān)課題進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí),就一舉兩得了。
CQF的高級選修課的課程介紹如下:
1、算法交易(Algorithmic Trading)
The use of algorithms has become an important element of modern-day financial markets,used by both the buy side and sell side.This elective will look into the techniques used by quantitative professionals who work within the area.
算法的使用已經(jīng)成為現(xiàn)代金融市場的一個(gè)重要元素,買方和賣方都在使用。這門選修課將研究在該領(lǐng)域工作的定量專家使用的技術(shù)。
What is Algorithmic Trading
Preparing data;Back testing,analysing results and optimisation
Build your own algorithm
Alternative approaches:Paris trading Options;New Analytics
A career in Algorithmic trading
2、高級計(jì)算方法(Advanced Computational Methods)
One key skill for anyone who works within quantitative finance is how to use technology to solve complex mathematical problems.This elective will look into advanced computational techniques for solving and implementing math in an efficient and succinct manner,ensuring that the right techniques are used for the right problems.
對于任何從事量化金融工作的人來說,一個(gè)關(guān)鍵技能是如何使用技術(shù)解決復(fù)雜的數(shù)學(xué)問題。這門選修課將研究先進(jìn)的計(jì)算技術(shù),以高效和簡潔的方式解決和實(shí)施數(shù)學(xué),確保正確的技術(shù)用于正確的問題。
Finite Difference Methods(algebraic approach)and application to BVP
Root finding
Interpolation
Numerical Integration
3、高級風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理(Advanced Risk Management)
In this elective,we will explore some of the recent developments in Quantitative Risk Management.We take as a point of departure the paradigms on how market risk is conceived and measured,both in the banking industry(Expected Shortfall)and under the new Basel regulatory frameworks(Fundamentals Review of the Trading Book,New Minimum,Capital of Market Risk).
在這門選修課中,我們將探討量化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理的一些最新發(fā)展。我們以如何在銀行業(yè)(預(yù)期虧空)和新的巴塞爾監(jiān)管框架(交易賬簿基本回顧,新的最小值,市場風(fēng)險(xiǎn)資本)下構(gòu)思和衡量市場風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的范例為出發(fā)點(diǎn)。
Review of new developments on market risk management and measurement
Explore the use of extreme value of theory(EVT)
Explore adjoint automatic differentiation
4、高級波動率模型(Advanced Volatility Modeling)
Volatility and being able to model volatility is a key element to any quant model.This elective will look into the common techniques used to model volatility throughout the industry.It will provide the mathematics and numerical methods for solving problems in stochastic volatility.
波動率和能夠?qū)Σ▌勇蔬M(jìn)行建模是任何量化模型的關(guān)鍵要素。本選修課將研究用于模擬整個(gè)行業(yè)的波動率的常用技術(shù)。它將提供解決隨機(jī)波動率問題的數(shù)學(xué)和數(shù)值方法。
Fourier Transforms
Functions of a Complex Variable
Stochastic Volatility
Jump Diffusion
5、基于Python的機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)(Machine Learning with Python)
This elective will focus on Machine Learning and deep learning with Python applied to Finance.We will focus on techniques to retrieve financial data from open data sources.
這門選修課將側(cè)重于使用Python在機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)和深度學(xué)習(xí)在金融中的應(yīng)用。我們將重點(diǎn)介紹從開源數(shù)據(jù)中檢索財(cái)務(wù)數(shù)據(jù)的技術(shù)。
Using linear OLS regression to predict financial prices&returns
Using scikit-learn for machine learning with Python
Application to the pricing of the American options by Monte Carlo simulation
Applying logistic regression to classification problems
Predicting stock market returns as a classification problem
Using TensorFlow for deep learning with Python
Using deep learning for predicting stock market returns
6、高級投資組合管理(Advanced Portfolio Management)
As quantitative finance becomes more important in today’s financial markets,many buyside firms are using quantitative techniques to improve their returns and better manage client capital.This elective will look into the latest techniques used by the buy side in order to achieve these goals.
隨著量化金融在當(dāng)今的金融市場中變得越來越重要,許多買方公司正在使用量化技術(shù)來提高回報(bào)并更好地管理客戶資本。該選修課將研究買方為實(shí)現(xiàn)這些目標(biāo)而使用的最新技術(shù)。
Perform a dynamic portfolio optimization,using stochastic control
Combine views with market data using filtering to determine the necessary parameters
Understand the importance of behavioural biases and be able to address them
Understand the implementation issues
Develop new insights into portfolio risk management
7、交易對手風(fēng)險(xiǎn)模型(Counterparty Credit Risk Modeling)
Post-global financial crisis,counterparty credit risk and other related risks have become much more pronounced and need to be taken into account during the pricing and modeling stages.This elective will go through all the risks associated with the counterparty and how they are included in any modeling frameworks.
后全球金融危機(jī)、交易對手信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和其他相關(guān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)變得更加明顯,需要在定價(jià)和建模階段加以考慮。該選修課將介紹與交易對手相關(guān)的所有風(fēng)險(xiǎn),以及它們?nèi)绾伟谌魏谓?蚣苤小?/p>
Credit Risk to Credit Derivatives
Counterparty Credit Risk:CVA,DVA,FVA
Interest Rates for Counterparty Risk–dynamic models and modeling
Interest Rate Swap CVA and implementation of dynamic model
8、量化中的行為經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)(Behavioural Finance for Quants)
Behavioural finance and how human psychology affects our perception of the world,impacts our quantitative models and drives our financial decisions.This elective will equip delegates with tools to identify the key psychological pitfalls,use their mathematical skills to address these pitfalls and build better financial models.
行為金融學(xué)以及人類心理學(xué)如何影響我們對世界的感知,影響我們的定量模型并推動我們的財(cái)務(wù)決策。該選修課將為學(xué)員提供工具,以識別關(guān)鍵的心理陷阱,利用他們的數(shù)學(xué)技能來解決這些陷阱并建立更好的財(cái)務(wù)模型。
S ystem 1 Vs System 2
Behavioural Biases;Heuristic processes;Framing effects and Group processes
Loss aversion Vs Risk aversion;Loss aversion;SP/A theory
Linearity and Nonlinearity
Game theory
9、基于R語言的量化金融分析(R for Quant Finance)
R is a powerful statistical programming language,with numerous tricks up its sleeves making it an ideal environment to code quant finance and data analytics applications.
R是一種強(qiáng)大的統(tǒng)計(jì)編程語言,擁有眾多技巧,使其成為編寫量化金融和數(shù)據(jù)分析應(yīng)用程序的理想環(huán)境。
Intro to R and R Studio
Navigate and understand packages
Understand data structures and data types
Plot charts,read and write data files
Write your own scripts and code
10、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)算(Risk Budgeting)
Rather than solving the risk-return optimization problem as in the classic(Markowitz)approach,risk budgeting focuses on risk and its limits(budgets).This elective will focus on the quant aspects of risk budgeting and how it can be applied to portfolio management.
風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)算不是像經(jīng)典(Markowitz)方法那樣解決風(fēng)險(xiǎn)回報(bào)優(yōu)化問題,而是專注于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及其極限(預(yù)算)。本選修課將側(cè)重于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)算的量化方面以及如何將其應(yīng)用于投資組合管理。
Portfolio Construction and Measurement
Value at Risk in Portfolio Management
Risk Budgeting in Theory
Risk Budgeting in Practice
11、金融科技(Fintech)
Financial technology,also known as fintech,is an economic industry composed of companies that use technology to make financial services more efficient.This elective gives an insight into the financial technology revolution and the disruption,innovation and opportunity therein.
金融技術(shù),也稱為金融科技,是一個(gè)利用技術(shù)使金融服務(wù)更有效率的公司組成的經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)業(yè)。這門選修課讓你深入了解金融科技革命帶來的變革,創(chuàng)新和機(jī)遇。
Intro to and History of Fintech
Fintech–Breaking the Financial Services Value Chain
FinTech Hubs
Technology–Blockchain;Cryptocurrencies;Big Data 102;AI 102
Fintech Solutions
The Future of Fintech
12、C++編程(C++)
Starting with the basics of simple input via keyboard and output to screen,this elective will work through a number of topics,finishing with simple OOP.
從簡單的鍵盤輸入和屏幕輸出開始學(xué)習(xí)C++的基礎(chǔ)知識,該選修課將會涉及許多主題,最后將會以C++面向?qū)ο缶幊痰暮唵问纠Y(jié)束。
Getting Started with the C++Environment–First Program;Data Types;Simple Debugging
Control Flow and Formatting–Decision Making;File Management;Formatting Output
Functions–Writing User Defined Functions;Headers and Source Files
Intro to OOP–Simple Classes and Objects
Arrays and Strings
優(yōu)先股,即享有優(yōu)先權(quán)的股票。在日常工作當(dāng)中,很多財(cái)會人碰到優(yōu)先股并不清楚怎么做賬務(wù)處理,接下來我們來看看吧。
優(yōu)先股是什么意思?
優(yōu)先股是享有優(yōu)先權(quán)的股票。優(yōu)先股的股東對公司資產(chǎn)、利潤分配等享有優(yōu)先權(quán),其風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較小。但是優(yōu)先股股東對公司事務(wù)無表決權(quán)。優(yōu)先股股東沒有選舉及被選舉權(quán),一般來說對公司的經(jīng)營沒有參與權(quán),優(yōu)先股股東不能退股,只能通過優(yōu)先股的贖回條款被公司贖回。
優(yōu)先股的會計(jì)分錄
借:銀行存款
貸:股本——優(yōu)先股
資本公積(如果溢價(jià)發(fā)行)
或者:
借:銀行存款
資本公積(如果折價(jià)發(fā)行)
貸:股本——優(yōu)先股
或者:
借:銀行存款
貸:股本——優(yōu)先股(如果平價(jià)發(fā)行)
股份資本是指通過發(fā)行股票將許多個(gè)別資本聯(lián)合為集團(tuán)資本的一種資本形式。股份資本企業(yè),是股份公司。股份公司的資本,不單獨(dú)屬于某個(gè)股票所有者或股東,而歸全體股東集團(tuán)所有。
優(yōu)先股的特征:
固定的股息率。優(yōu)先股股息是固定的,因此優(yōu)先股的定價(jià)與普通股不同,優(yōu)先股的價(jià)格與公司的經(jīng)營狀況關(guān)系不如普通股密切。
股息分派優(yōu)先。在股份公司盈利分配順序上,公司盈利首先應(yīng)支付債權(quán)人的本金和利息,繳納稅金;其次是支付優(yōu)先股股息;最后才是分配普通股紅利。
剩余資產(chǎn)分配優(yōu)先。當(dāng)股份公司因解散或破產(chǎn)進(jìn)行清算時(shí),在公司剩余資產(chǎn)的分配上,優(yōu)先股的受償順序在普通股之前,在公司債權(quán)之后。
股份有限公司除了發(fā)行普通股,還會發(fā)行優(yōu)先股,優(yōu)先股的股東在公司資產(chǎn)、利潤分配等方面享有優(yōu)先權(quán),那么公司發(fā)行優(yōu)先股的會計(jì)分錄該怎么做?
發(fā)行優(yōu)先股會計(jì)分錄
?。薄⒁鐑r(jià)發(fā)行:
借:銀行存款
貸:股本——優(yōu)先股
資本公積
?。病⒄蹆r(jià)發(fā)行:
借:銀行存款
資本公積
貸:股本——優(yōu)先股
?。场⑵絻r(jià)發(fā)行:
借:銀行存款
貸:股本——優(yōu)先股
資本公積是什么?
資本公積是指企業(yè)在經(jīng)營過程中由于接受捐贈、股本溢價(jià)以及法定財(cái)產(chǎn)重估增值等原因所形成的公積金。資本公積是與企業(yè)收益無關(guān)而與資本相關(guān)的貸項(xiàng),是投資者或者他人投入到企業(yè)、所有權(quán)歸屬于投資者、并且投入金額上超過法定資本部分的資本。
股本是什么?
股本指的是股份公司用發(fā)行股票方式組成的資本,同時(shí),其他合伙經(jīng)營的工商企業(yè)的資金或資本也可以被稱為股本。公司股本一般就能夠反應(yīng)一家公司的注冊資本,是一個(gè)十分重要的指標(biāo)。
優(yōu)先股是什么?
優(yōu)先股是享有優(yōu)先權(quán)的股票。優(yōu)先股的股東對公司資產(chǎn)、利潤分配等享有優(yōu)先權(quán),其風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較小。但是優(yōu)先股股東對公司事務(wù)無表決權(quán),也沒有選舉以及被選舉權(quán),優(yōu)先股股東不能退股,只能通過優(yōu)先股的贖回條款被公司贖回。優(yōu)先股通常預(yù)先定明確的股息收益率,且股權(quán)的范圍小,優(yōu)先股的索償權(quán)先于普通股,而次于債權(quán)人。
Great changes will take place in 2012 for IFRS,in this critical year,what key milestones can help you to ensure you will be well prepared for filing your first interim IFRS financial statements 2011 will be discussed in this training.
In the context of increasing global usage of IFRS and expected convergence of PRC GAAP with IFRS over the coming years,we will discuss both the current differences between PRC GAAP and IFRS as well as highlighting some of the developments in IFRS that are currently under discussion.This training is appropriate for both the novice in IFRS financial reporting who needs to be up-to-date quickly,and the veteran financial professional who is looking for a refresher course which including current issues and projects.In this course we will highlight IFRS VS PRC GAAP with details to help you on applying these two standards into your real business.
Understanding that accounting standards are not just a matter for specialists
Cementing your knowledge of IFRS with hands-on case studies and examples
Recognizing and going beyond the difference between IFRS and Chinese GAAP
Technical analysis and discussion on the latest strategic updates and future direction of IFRS
Implementing IFRS accounting for assets,liabilities and owners equity
Revisiting basic concepts such as lease accounting,impairment,fair value,revenue recognition,contingencies,financial instruments,business combinations…
Providing recent updates and their consequences including IFRS for small and medium-sized entities
Guidance on the challenges to face when first time adoption or implementing new/or some specific standards
CFO/CEO/CIO
Finance Director/Manager/Controller
Auditing Manager
Accounting Manager
Investment/Financial/Equity Analysts
Day 1
A.Introduction to IFRS
-Latest Developments at the IASB
-Convergence with US GAAP
-Convergence with Chinese GAAP
-IFRS–a principle based framework of accounting
-Summary of IFRS 2009-2011 updates
-IFRS and fair value considerations,IFRS 13 Fair value measurement
B.Assets
-Current assets,IAS 2 Inventories/CAS 1 Inventories
-Tangible fixed assets,IAS 16 Property,Plant and Equipment/CAS 4 Property,Plant and Equipment
-Current update of lease accounting,IAS 17 Leases;ED/2010/9 Leases/CAS 21 Leasing
-Intangible assets–intellectual property and development costs,IAS 38 Intangible assets/CAS 6 Intangible assets
-Borrowing costs,IAS 23 Borrowing costs/CAS 17 Borrowing costs
-Impairment,IAS 36 Impairment of assets/CAS 8 Impairment of assets
C.Liabilities
-Contingencies,IAS 37 Provisions,Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets/CAS,13 Contingencies
-Retirement benefits,IAS 19 Employee Benefits/CAS 9 Employee Benefits
-Update of financial instruments and hedge accounting,IFRS 7 Financial Instruments:Disclosures/CAS 37 Financial,Instruments:Presentation and Disclosures,IFRS 9 Financial Instruments/CAS 12 Debt restructuring;CAS 22 Financial Instruments:Recognition and Measurement,CAS 23 Transfer of Financial Assets;CAS 24 Hedging
D.Income and expenditure
-Revenue recognition,IAS 11 Construction contracts/CAS 15 Construction contracts,IAS 18 Revenue;ED/2010/6 Revenue from contracts with,customers/CAS 14 Revenue
-Taxes,IAS 12 Income Taxes/CAS 18 Income Taxes
-Other Income statement topics,IAS 20 Accounting for Government grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance/CAS 16 Government Grants,IAS 21 The effects of changes in foreign exchange rates/CAS 19 Foreign Currency Translation,IFRS 2 Shared-based Payment/CAS 11 Share-based payment,IFRS 8 Operating Segments/CAS 35 Segmental Reporting
Day 2
E.Consolidation and business combinations
-What constitutes a business combinations,IFRS 3 Business combinations/CAS 20 Business combinations
-Inclusion of investments with differing levels of control,IFRS 10 Consolidated financial statements/CAS 33,Consolidated financial statements,IFRS 11 Joint arrangements/CAS 2 Long term equity investments,IFRS 12 Disclosure of interest in other entities
F.Financial statements and first time adoption
-Disclosure requirements,IAS 1 Presentation of financial statements/CAS 30 Presentation of financial statements,IAS 7 Statements of cash-flows/CAS 31 Cash flow statements,IAS 8 Accounting policies,changes in accounting estimates and errors/CAS 28 Changes in accounting policies and estimates and correction of errors,IAS 10 Events after the reporting
period/CAS 29 Events after the balance sheet date,IAS 24 Related party disclosures/CAS 36 Related party disclosures,IAS 33 Earnings per share/CAS 34 Earnings per share,IAS 34 Interim Financial Reporting/CAS 32 Interim financial reporting,IFRS 5 Non-current assets held for sale and discontinued operations
-First time application issues,IFRS 1 First-time adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards/CAS 38 First Time Adoption of Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises
G.Summary of ASBE/CAS/IFRS differences
-Recap the differences between old and new Chinese GAAP with IFRS
H.IFRS for SMEs(Small and Medium Sized Enterprises)
-To whom does it apply?
-Differences Between“Full”IFRS and“IFRS for SMEs”
想了解詳細(xì)課程資料,點(diǎn)擊網(wǎng)頁的在線咨詢圖標(biāo),與在線老師交流。
在ACCA考試中,F(xiàn)9相對來說也是一門難度比較高的科目,尤其每到了最后沖刺階段,很多同學(xué)都抓不住重點(diǎn)而導(dǎo)致失分嚴(yán)重,對此會計(jì)網(wǎng)就跟大家講解F9一些高頻考點(diǎn)及考題趨勢。
考題趨勢
非大題部分 (Section A and B):
概念題與計(jì)算型題目分?jǐn)?shù)比重依然維持一半一半的預(yù)期,但由于有上午,下午,晚上三場考試,很有可能有同學(xué)抽到的卷子概念題的分?jǐn)?shù)比重要大于計(jì)算題。
文字概念題考點(diǎn)考的很細(xì),所以同學(xué)們需要對著每個(gè)chapter的mindmap把所有的知識點(diǎn)過至少一遍。同時(shí),一定要配套刷選擇題!一定要刷題!一定要刷題!重要的事情說三遍!
Section B 預(yù)計(jì)Part G和Part F部分會各出一道案例,Part C可能會出一道,但概率不大。Part G的案例題很可能會考得比較難,一定要刷題!可以做以前筆試時(shí)Part G的大題,以提升解決Part G部分問題的能力。
Part G必做題:
2012 JUN Q3 (d) Forex Risk & (e) /2012 DEC Q3 (c) Interest rate risk/2016 JUN B2 Forex Risk: Forward + Money market hedge (Payment) + Interest risk type/2015 JUN B1 Forward + Money market hedge (Receipt)
大題 (Section C):
基本形成Part E一道大題,Part D一道大題的格局。但不排除有學(xué)生抽到的試卷其中一道是Part C大題的可能性; 論述的比重會稍微超過計(jì)算一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)。
悄悄話:上一次機(jī)考有學(xué)生反映,上午,下午,晚上抽到同樣的題。在晚上或下午考的同學(xué)可以咨詢一下當(dāng)天考過的同學(xué)抽到了什么題。
第三部分 大題考點(diǎn)
(順序越往后頻率越低)
1、計(jì)算
高頻考點(diǎn):
(1)NPV計(jì)算
(2)WACC計(jì)算(注:對WACC的計(jì)算基本就囊括了Part E所有的計(jì)算,Ke、Kd、Kdat、WACC、Adjusted WACC等)
(3)Financial Effect
eg: 2015 JUN Q4(a) Right issue/2013 JUN Q4 (a)(b)(c)
中頻考點(diǎn):
(1)Capital Rationing, Risk and Uncertainty, Lease or Buy及Asset Replacement計(jì)算
(2)Debt和equity market Value的計(jì)算,及基于此計(jì)算Gearing等等一系列衍生的計(jì)算(注:很大程度上是資本成本計(jì)算的反向運(yùn)用)
(3) Early Settlement Discount,F(xiàn)actoring,EOQ及Payable Management計(jì)算
(4)Cash operating cycle, overtrading的計(jì)算
低頻考點(diǎn):
(1)IRR計(jì)算
(2)Cash management models, Cash Budgeting
2、論述:(論述題要求同學(xué)對知識理解融會貫通,并能結(jié)合案例,更好的是能兩個(gè)及以上的知識點(diǎn)融合論述,而不僅僅是死背理論)
高頻考點(diǎn):
(1)CAPM及Adjusted WACC
eg: 2013 JUN Q2 (b)
(2)Capital Structure
(3)Different Source of Finance的特質(zhì)(Convertible Loan尤其重要)
中頻考點(diǎn):
(1)Capital Rationing, Risk and Uncertainty, Lease or Buy及Asset Replacement 論述
(2)投資評估指標(biāo)的評價(jià)與運(yùn)用,包括ROCE、Payback、NPV、IRR
(3)Credit Policy
(4)Objectives and conflict of Working Capital Management
(5)DVM、CAPM等模型的評價(jià)及運(yùn)用
(6)Islamic Finance
(7)Debt Finance VS Equity Finance
低頻考點(diǎn):
(1)Dividend Policy
(2)Right Issue
(3)SME
來源:ACCA學(xué)習(xí)幫